Plugins augment Ansible’s core functionality with logic and features that are accessible to all modules. Ansible collections include a number of handy plugins, and you can easily write your own. All plugins must:

• be written in Python

• raise errors

• return strings in unicode

• conform to Ansible’s configuration and documentation standards

Once you’ve reviewed these general guidelines, you can skip to the particular type of plugin you want to develop.

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You must write your plugin in Python so it can be loaded by the PluginLoader and returned as a Python object that any module can use. Since your plugin will execute on the controller, you must write it in a compatible version of Python.

You should return errors encountered during plugin execution by raising AnsibleError() or a similar class with a message describing the error. When wrapping other exceptions into error messages, you should always use the to_native Ansible function to ensure proper string compatibility across Python versions:

Check the different AnsibleError objects and see which one applies best to your situation.

You must convert any strings returned by your plugin into Python’s unicode type. Converting to unicode ensures that these strings can run through Jinja2. To convert strings:

To define configurable options for your plugin, describe them in the DOCUMENTATION section of the python file. Callback and connection plugins have declared configuration requirements this way since Ansible version 2.4; most plugin types now do the same. This approach ensures that the documentation of your plugin’s options will always be correct and up-to-date. To add a configurable option to your plugin, define it in this format:

To access the configuration settings in your plugin, use self.get_option(<option_name>). For most plugin types, the controller pre-populates the settings. If you need to populate settings explicitly, use a self.set_options() call.

Plugins that support embedded documentation (see ansible-doc for the list) should include well-formed doc strings. If you inherit from a plugin, you must document the options it takes, either via a documentation fragment or as a copy. See Module format and documentation for more information on correct documentation. Thorough documentation is a good idea even if you’re developing a plugin for local use.

Action plugins let you integrate local processing and local data with module functionality.

To create an action plugin, create a new class with the Base(ActionBase) class as the parent:

From there, execute the module using the _execute_module method to call the original module.After successful execution of the module, you can modify the module return data.

For example, if you wanted to check the time difference between your Ansible controller and your target machine(s), you could write an action plugin to check the local time and compare it to the return data from Ansible’s setup module:

This code checks the time on the controller, captures the date and time for the remote machine using the setup module, and calculates the difference between the captured time andthe local time, returning the time delta in days, seconds and microseconds.

For practical examples of action plugins,see the source code for the action plugins included with Ansible Core

Cache plugins store gathered facts and data retrieved by inventory plugins.

Import cache plugins using the cache_loader so you can use self.set_options() and self.get_option(<option_name>). If you import a cache plugin directly in the code base, you can only access options via ansible.constants, and you break the cache plugin’s ability to be used by an inventory plugin.

There are two base classes for cache plugins, BaseCacheModule for database-backed caches, and BaseCacheFileModule for file-backed caches.

To create a cache plugin, start by creating a new CacheModule class with the appropriate base class. If you’re creating a plugin using an __init__ method you should initialize the base class with any provided args and kwargs to be compatible with inventory plugin cache options. The base class calls self.set_options(direct=kwargs). After the base class __init__ method is called self.get_option(<option_name>) should be used to access cache options.

New cache plugins should take the options _uri, _prefix, and _timeout to be consistent with existing cache plugins.

If you use the BaseCacheModule, you must implement the methods get, contains, keys, set, delete, flush, and copy. The contains method should return a boolean that indicates if the key exists and has not expired. Unlike file-based caches, the get method does not raise a KeyError if the cache has expired.

If you use the BaseFileCacheModule, you must implement _load and _dump methods that will be called from the base class methods get and set.

If your cache plugin stores JSON, use AnsibleJSONEncoder in the _dump or set method and AnsibleJSONDecoder in the _load or get method.

For example cache plugins, see the source code for the cache plugins included with Ansible Core.

Callback plugins add new behaviors to Ansible when responding to events. By default, callback plugins control most of the output you see when running the command line programs.

To create a callback plugin, create a new class with the Base(Callbacks) class as the parent:

From there, override the specific methods from the CallbackBase that you want to provide a callback for.For plugins intended for use with Ansible version 2.0 and later, you should only override methods that start with v2.For a complete list of methods that you can override, please see __init__.py in thelib/ansible/plugins/callback directory.

The following is a modified example of how Ansible’s timer plugin is implemented,but with an extra option so you can see how configuration works in Ansible version 2.4 and later:

Note that the CALLBACK_VERSION and CALLBACK_NAME definitions are required for properly functioning plugins for Ansible version 2.0 and later. CALLBACK_TYPE is mostly needed to distinguish ‘stdout’ plugins from the rest, since you can only load one plugin that writes to stdout.

For example callback plugins, see the source code for the callback plugins included with Ansible Core

Connection plugins allow Ansible to connect to the target hosts so it can execute tasks on them. Ansible ships with many connection plugins, but only one can be used per host at a time. The most commonly used connection plugins are the paramiko SSH, native ssh (just called ssh), and local connection types. All of these can be used in playbooks and with /usr/bin/ansible to connect to remote machines.

Ansible version 2.1 introduced the smart connection plugin. The smart connection type allows Ansible to automatically select either the paramiko or openssh connection plugin based on system capabilities, or the ssh connection plugin if OpenSSH supports ControlPersist.

Python Plugin Framework

To create a new connection plugin (for example, to support SNMP, Message bus, or other transports), copy the format of one of the existing connection plugins and drop it into connection directory on your local plugin path.

Connection plugins can support common options (such as the --timeout flag) by defining an entry in the documentation for the attribute name (in this case timeout). If the common option has a non-null default, the plugin should define the same default since a different default would be ignored.

For example connection plugins, see the source code for the connection plugins included with Ansible Core.

Filter plugins manipulate data. They are a feature of Jinja2 and are also available in Jinja2 templates used by the template module. As with all plugins, they can be easily extended, but instead of having a file for each one you can have several per file. Most of the filter plugins shipped with Ansible reside in a core.py.

Filter plugins do not use the standard configuration and documentation system described above.

For example filter plugins, see the source code for the filter plugins included with Ansible Core.

Inventory plugins parse inventory sources and form an in-memory representation of the inventory. Inventory plugins were added in Ansible version 2.4.

You can see the details for inventory plugins in the Developing dynamic inventory page.

Lookup plugins pull in data from external data stores. Lookup plugins can be used within playbooks both for looping — playbook language constructs like with_fileglob and with_items are implemented via lookup plugins — and to return values into a variable or parameter.

Lookup plugins are very flexible, allowing you to retrieve and return any type of data. When writing lookup plugins, always return data of a consistent type that can be easily consumed in a playbook. Avoid parameters that change the returned data type. If there is a need to return a single value sometimes and a complex dictionary other times, write two different lookup plugins.

Ansible includes many filters which can be used to manipulate the data returned by a lookup plugin. Sometimes it makes sense to do the filtering inside the lookup plugin, other times it is better to return results that can be filtered in the playbook. Keep in mind how the data will be referenced when determining the appropriate level of filtering to be done inside the lookup plugin.

Here’s a simple lookup plugin implementation — this lookup returns the contents of a text file as a variable:

The following is an example of how this lookup is called:

For example lookup plugins, see the source code for the lookup plugins included with Ansible Core.

For more usage examples of lookup plugins, see Using Lookups.

Test plugins verify data. They are a feature of Jinja2 and are also available in Jinja2 templates used by the template module. As with all plugins, they can be easily extended, but instead of having a file for each one you can have several per file. Most of the test plugins shipped with Ansible reside in a core.py. These are specially useful in conjunction with some filter plugins like map and select; they are also available for conditional directives like when:.

Test plugins do not use the standard configuration and documentation system described above.

For example test plugins, see the source code for the test plugins included with Ansible Core.

Vars plugins inject additional variable data into Ansible runs that did not come from an inventory source, playbook, or command line. Playbook constructs like ‘host_vars’ and ‘group_vars’ work using vars plugins.

Vars plugins were partially implemented in Ansible 2.0 and rewritten to be fully implemented starting with Ansible 2.4. Vars plugins are unsupported by collections.

Older plugins used a run method as their main body/work:

Ansible 2.0 did not pass passwords to older plugins, so vaults were unavailable.Most of the work now happens in the get_vars method which is called from the VariableManager when needed.

The parameters are:

• loader: Ansible’s DataLoader. The DataLoader can read files, auto-load JSON/YAML and decrypt vaulted data, and cache read files.

• path: this is ‘directory data’ for every inventory source and the current play’s playbook directory, so they can search for data in reference to them. get_vars will be called at least once per available path.

• entities: these are host or group names that are pertinent to the variables needed. The plugin will get called once for hosts and again for groups.

This get_vars method just needs to return a dictionary structure with the variables.

Since Ansible version 2.4, vars plugins only execute as needed when preparing to execute a task. This avoids the costly ‘always execute’ behavior that occurred during inventory construction in older versions of Ansible. Since Ansible version 2.10, vars plugin execution can be toggled by the user to run when preparing to execute a task or after importing an inventory source.

Since Ansible 2.10, vars plugins can require whitelisting. Vars plugins that don’t require whitelisting will run by default. To require whitelisting for your plugin set the class variable REQUIRES_WHITELIST:

Include the vars_plugin_staging documentation fragment to allow users to determine when vars plugins run.

Also since Ansible 2.10, vars plugins can reside in collections. Vars plugins in collections must require whitelisting to be functional.

For example vars plugins, see the source code for the vars plugins included with Ansible Core.

See also

Browse existing collections, modules, and plugins

Learn about the Python API for task execution

Vst Plugins For Fl Studio

Learn about how to develop dynamic inventory sources

Writing Vst Plugins Python Plugin

Learn about how to write Ansible modules

The development mailing list

#ansible IRC chat channel

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